Preferred Stock: Everything You Need to Know
Startup Law ResourcesVenture Capital, FinancingPreferred stock is a special class of equity that adds debt features. As with common stock, shareholders receive a share of ownership in the company. 4 min read updated on November 02, 2020
Preferred stock is a special class of equity that adds debt features. As with common stock, shareholders receive a share of ownership in the company. Preferred stock also receives special rights, including guaranteed dividends that must be paid out before dividends to common shareholders, priority in the event of a liquidation, is listed separately from common stock, and trades at a different price than common stock.
Why Is Preferred Stock Important?
Preferred stock gives you a financing alternative to taking on debt. You generally maintain greater control over your company than if you issue new common shares.
You can also remain flexible for future financing rounds by keeping debt off of your balance sheet and retaining a call option. The call option allows you to reduce your outstanding equity and offer a greater portion of your company.
Preferred Stock Features
Preferred stock may carry optional features that benefit either the company or shareholders. These are set out in the initial preferred stock agreement.
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Callable: A call option gives you the right to repurchase preferred shares at a fixed price or par value after a set date. You have sole discretion whether to exercise the option.
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Cumulative: You may retain the right to suspend payment of dividends. If preferred stock is designated as cumulative, the suspended dividends accumulate, and you must later pay them in full.
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Participating: A participating feature gives preferred shareholders the right to receive a share of dividends paid to common shareholders. This is in addition to preferred dividends.
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Convertible: Convertible preferred shares may be exchanged for common shares. This may happen at the option of the company, the shareholder or based on certain financial conditions.
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Voting: Most preferred shareholders have no voting rights under normal circumstances. Special voting rights may apply when dividends are suspended or the company is in financial distress. This provides additional protection to preferred shareholders.
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Adjustable Rate: The dividend rate may vary based on external factors. This provides protection against changes in inflation or interest rates.
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Preference: If the company has multiple issues of preferred stock, the preferred stock may be ranked by priority with the highest being prior, followed by first preference, second preference, etc.
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Trust Preferred Stock: A form of preferred stock that can act as debt from a tax perspective, but is seen as common stock on the balance sheet
Reasons to Consider Using Preferred Stock
Companies typically issue preferred stock for one or more of the following reasons:
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To avoid increasing your debt ratios; preferred shares count as equity on your balance sheet
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To pay dividends at your discretion
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Because dividend payments are typically smaller than principal plus interest debt payments
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Because a call feature can protect against rising interest rates
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Because preferred stock is generally purchased by institutional investors who make large investments
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To preserve voting rights and control over your company
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To avoid diluting shares earned with sweat equity
Reasons to Consider Not Using Preferred Stock
If you have any of the following concerns, you may wish to issue common shares or equity instead.
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Dividends paid are not tax-deductible.
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Preferred shares have limited potential to appreciate in value. Investors may not pay as much as they would for common shares.
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Common shareholders can't receive dividends until preferred dividends are paid in full. This includes accumulated dividends under a cumulative feature. Payments to shareholders and key employees above reasonable salaries may legally be considered dividends.
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Common shareholders receive lower priority than preferred shareholders in the event of a liquidation.
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Some states may impose a tax based on the number of authorized or outstanding shares. There is typically no tax on debt offerings.
How Preferred Stock Works
Preferred shares are issued in a similar manner to common shares. Investors purchase shares at the offering price, and the company receives the funds. The terms of the offer include whether any of the features listed above apply.
While preferred stock is outstanding, the company must pay dividends. The dividend may be a fixed dollar amount or based on a metric such as profits. Common shareholders may not receive dividends unless preferred dividends have been fully paid. This includes any accumulated dividends.
Investors generally have the right to buy and sell preferred shares in the public or private stock markets. The company may also repurchase shares at the current market price if the investor agrees to the sale.
The company may repurchase the shares without the investor's consent if the stock is callable. A small number of preferred stock agreements have a maturity date, at which time the company must repurchase the shares from the investors.
If the company goes out of business and is liquidated, debt holders will be repaid first. Next, preferred shareholders will receive any outstanding dividends. Preferred shareholders also have priority over common shareholders in any remaining equity. The preferred shareholder agreement sets out how remaining equity is divided. Preferred shareholders may receive a fixed amount or a certain ratio versus common shareholders.
Steps to Issue Preferred Stock
Preferred stock is a formal securities offering. You must follow all applicable securities regulations. Your options include the following:
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A private offering under Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act and Rule 506(b) of Regulation D
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An intrastate offering under Section 3(a)(11) of the Securities Act
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An offering that meets one or more of the Regulation D exemptions; these are related to the amount of funds raised and the sophistication of your investors
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An offering in compliance with the JOBS Act made to either accredited investors or on an equity crowdfunding platform
Work With a Lawyer
Because of the complexity of preferred stock agreements and securities compliance requirements, you should seek legal advice before issuing preferred shares. UpCounsel's experienced securities lawyers are available on-demand to help with your preferred stock offering. Search for a lawyer near you now.