Key Takeaways

  • A citizenship or naturalization interview is a required step in the U.S. naturalization process. 

  • Common interview question categories include personal details, family, employment, military background, legal issues, moral character, and immigration.

  • Form N-400 is an essential document for naturalization that details personal background, employment, residence, and travel history. 

  • Bring important documents such as your Green Card, passport, state-issued ID, IRS tax transcripts, and any documents supporting your Form N-400.

  • Be prepared to discuss your moral character, support for U.S. laws and the Constitution, and any affiliations with organizations.

  • The civics test portion includes questions about U.S. history, government, and the Constitution. 

  • Some exemptions and accommodations are available for disabilities or specific cases. 

  • Your interview can result in approval, denial, or a request for further evidence. If approved, you’ll proceed to the Oath of Allegiance ceremony.

  • The Oath of Allegiance Ceremony is the final step in the citizenship process. During it, you pledge allegiance to the U.S. and receive your Certificate of Naturalization.

  • Arrive on time, dress professionally, bring all important documents, and answer questions truthfully and in detail.

  • Post a job on UpCounsel to find an immigration lawyer near you to help you through the process.

When an individual applies for US citizenship, they must complete a citizenship interview at some point. Citizenship interview questions can vary widely depending on the current administration and political climate. However, some topics will almost always come up during your citizenship interview.  

Whether you are an employer looking for information for employees or an individual planning to complete the US naturalization process, preparing for the citizenship interview questions is important.

Below, you’ll find several of the top interview questions for the US citizenship interview to give you an idea of the type of questions a USCIS officer might ask. 

These questions and answers aren’t to be memorized but instead used as a guide to familiarize you with topics and subject matter.

Preparing for the Naturalization Interview

A naturalization interview is different from a naturalization exam. The interview process concerns your citizenship knowledge and ability to be a good citizen, unlike the exam, which tests your knowledge of English, US history, and government.  

A USCIS officer will conduct the interview and ask you various questions to determine whether you meet the requirements for citizenship. 

For instance, they'll ask you questions about your moral character or how you show loyalty to the United States of America.  

The Application for Naturalization (or Form N-400) is a critical document in the citizenship process. It contains questions about your background, residence, employment, travel history, and moral character.  

If you are unsure whether you are eligible for naturalization, the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services site offers a convenient Naturalization Eligibility Tool. 

Questions asked during the interview will primarily be based on the information provided in your Form N-400, including: 

  • Personal details

  • Employment history

  • Address history

  • Affiliations with organizations

  • Travel outside the US

The information you provide during the interview must be consistent with the information in your Form N-400 and any other documents submitted. 

Pay close attention when you fill out your N-400. Discrepancies can raise concerns and may delay the naturalization process.

Common Individual Citizenship Interview Questions

Individual citizenship interview questions are based on several categories: 

  • Personal information

  • Family history

  • Employment and education

  • Military background

  • Legal issues

  • Moral character

  • Immigration history 

Accuracy and completeness are crucial in your responses to these questions.  

During the interview, answer all questions truthfully and in detail. Providing false information can result in a denial of your application and, potentially, legal consequences.

Starting the Interview with the USCIS Officer and Administering the Oath

Before a USCIS officer begins asking detailed questions from the categories listed above, they will ask several general questions and administer an oath. 

Some of the questions they might ask at this point are: 

  • How are you? 

  • How are you feeling today? 

  • How are you doing? 

To place you under oath, they may ask questions like: “Do you swear to tell the truth?” and “Do you understand the meaning of an oath?” 

This will prepare you for the Oath of Allegiance you will take following USCIS approval of your Form N-400 interview. Sometimes, you may take the Oath of Allegiance on the same day of your interview.  

Next, we will review sample questions from each category to prepare you for your naturalization interview.

In addition to answering questions about your application and background, you will take a test during your naturalization interview. 

Personal Details and Physical Characteristics

Most commonly, the citizenship interview questions begin with questions about your application and background. The USCIS officer will want to know about your immigration status, application, and background information. 

Along with questions about your personal details, they might also ask you about your physical characteristics. Even though they can see you, they may ask for a description of your hair color, eye color, weight, and height. 

They might ask where and when you entered the country and how long you stayed.  

For this section, some of the questions they might ask include: 

  • What is your full name?

  • Where were you born? 

  • Do you want to change your name legally?

  • How long have you lived in the U.S.?

  • What is your date of birth?

  • What is your ethnicity?

  • Why did you come to the U.S.?

  • Do you have a driver's license? If yes, show it. If not, explain why not.

  • Where do you live now? For how long and with whom?

  • Where did you go to school or college/university?

  • What do you do for work now?

  • How tall are you?

  • What is your hair/eye color?

Family Background and Marital and Relationship History

Next, they will ask a number of questions about your family and your marital and relationship history.  

Prepare to answer questions like: 

  • What are your parents' names? 

  • Are your parents U.S. citizens?

  • How many children under 18 do you have? 

  • What are their names and birthplaces? 

  • Where do your children live? 

  • Are they biological, stepchildren, or adopted?

  • What is your current marital status? 

  • What is your spouse's name?

  • When and where did you get married? 

  • Is your spouse a U.S. citizen? 

  • Do you have relatives who live abroad? 

The most recent edition of Form N-400 “no longer asks details about previous marriages or your spouse’s previous marriages.” 

Military Background

The officer may also inquire about your military history in the United States and elsewhere. 

These questions might be: 

  • Have you served in the U.S. military? 

  • What rank did you hold when you served in the military?

  • Did you leave the U.S. to avoid the draft? 

  • Did you register for Selective Service (if required)?

Immigration History

Your immigration history is another important topic during your naturalization interview. They may ask if you still consider yourself a citizen of another country.  

Sample questions the officer might ask include: 

  • Are you a citizen of your country of origin? 

  • Are you a legal resident or citizen of another foreign country? If so, which one?

  • When did you receive your Green Card? 

  • How long have you been a permanent resident?

International Travel History

Some countries have better relationships with the United States than others. Depending on your travel history, certain travels could be subject to more scrutiny. Carefully prepare to explain the purpose of your travels. 

You could be asked: 

  • How many times have you traveled outside the U.S. since becoming a Green Card holder? 

  • Were any trips longer than six months?

  • Why did you travel?

Residency Information

It’s important to be able to answer questions about where you have lived, when, and for how long. Even if you have moved several times, make sure you have a clear record of your previous addresses and are ready to answer questions like: 

  • Where is your current residence? 

  • How long have you lived there? 

  • Have you moved since you submitted your citizenship application?

  • Where else have you lived in the past five years?

Employment and Education Details

If you have an employment-based Green Card, you will likely be asked several questions about your education and employment history. Typically, those who submit family-based Green Card applications aren’t subject to as many questions on this topic, but this is not guaranteed.  

Some jobs, including those that appear political or are potentially dangerous, may require additional questioning during your Green Card interview.  

If you anticipate your job history will raise red flags, gather any relevant documentation and be prepared to explain why you are qualified for the position and how it aligns with your career goals. 

Common employment and education questions include: 

  • Where do you currently work? 

  • What is your job title? 

  • Where did you last attend school?

  • What did you study when you last went to school?

Tax Filing Obligations

Although your tax information might not be included in the list of documents to bring on your interview notice, it is still important to bring them, especially if you have been out of the United States for more than six months.  

On this topic, they could ask questions like: 

  • Have you failed to file any tax returns since becoming a permanent resident? 

  • Have you ever claimed non-resident status for tax purposes? 

  • Do you owe any taxes?

Ethical Conduct and Allegiances

Good moral character, or GMC, is another requirement for naturalization. To ascertain your ethics, moral character, and allegiance to the United States, typical questions could include:  

  • Have you ever claimed to be a U.S. citizen?

  • Will you obey the laws of the United States?

  • Have you ever voted in U.S. elections? 

  • Do you support the U.S. Constitution and government?

Affiliations and Memberships

If you submit Form I-485 (an Application to Register Permanent Residence or Adjust Status), you will likely be asked questions about your affiliations and memberships. You could also be asked these same questions during your Green Card interview. 

They want to know about any organizations or groups you have been in, even if they seem harmless, such as a local book club or sports team.  

The USCIS officers need this information to determine if you are a member of a terrorist organization, the Communist Party, or any organization that could pose a threat to the United States.  

Their questions could include:  

  • Have you held a noble title?

  • Have you ever been associated with or a member of any organization, association, fund foundation, party, club, or similar group in the United States or elsewhere?

  • Have you ever been associated with or a member of the Communist Party or a terrorist organization? 

As of April 2024, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services no longer asks about Nazi Party affiliation due to the time that has passed.

Legal Issues

You will likely be asked questions about your legal status and criminal history, if any. This information is also required on your Form I-485, and if you have any criminal history, you must bring relevant documentation to your interview.  

You will also want to prepare to answer questions such as: 

  • Have you been arrested or convicted of any crimes? 

  • Have you engaged in any illegal activities? 

  • Have you violated immigration laws?

US Citizenship Exam Questions from the Civics Portion of the Naturalization Test

The USCIS officer will ask questions about US history and government that appear on the naturalization test. The 100 questions and answers to the civics portion of the US naturalization test are available on the USCIS website.  

Here are some common questions you may be asked on the naturalization test and by the USCIS officer during the citizenship interview.

History and Government

The first twelve questions will be about general American history and government, including the following topics:

The U.S. Constitution

  • Question: What is the law of the land? Answer: The U.S. Constitution.

  • Question: What does the Constitution do? Answer: The Constitution is a written document that defines and establishes the U.S. government and protects Americans' fundamental rights. 

  • Question: What are the first three words of the Constitution? Answer: "We the People," which emphasizes the concept of self-governance.

The Declaration of Independence

  • Question: What did the Declaration of Independence do? Answer: The Declaration of Independence announced that the United States was free and no longer under British rule.

  • Question: What are two of the rights listed in the Declaration of Independence? Answer: Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness (any two can be mentioned).

U.S. Rule of Law and Economic System

  • Question: What is the rule of law? Answer: The rule of law means that everyone, including leaders, must follow the law; no one is above the law.

  • Question: What is the economic system in the United States? Answer: The U.S. economic system is capitalism, a market or capitalist economy.

System of Government (Questions 13-47)

Then, questions 13-47 on the test will cover government system questions.

Here are examples of questions and answers describing the US system of government the USCIS officer may ask you during the citizenship interview.

Branches of Government

  • Question: Name one branch of the government. Answer: The three branches are the executive (President), judicial (courts), and legislative (Congress) branches. You can name any one of these.

  • Question: What are the two parts of the U.S. Congress? Answer: The U.S. Congress consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are 100 Senators and 435 voting members in the House.

The President and Vice President

  • Question: What is the name of the current President of the United States? Answer: As of this writing, the President is Joe Biden.

  • Question: Who is the current Vice President of the United States? Answer: The Vice President is Kamala Harris. 

Additional Information: 

The President serves as the military's commander-in-chief, signs bills into law, and can veto bills to prevent them from becoming laws. 

If the President cannot serve, the Vice President takes over. If both cannot serve, the Speaker of the House becomes President.

The President's Cabinet

  • Question: What does the President's Cabinet do? Answer: The Cabinet advises the President on various matters.

  • Question: What is the highest court in the United States called? Answer: The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court.

  • Question: Name two Cabinet-level positions. Answer: Examples include the Vice President, Attorney General, and Secretaries of Defense, Agriculture, Homeland Security, State, Education, Labor, and Energy.

Exemptions and Accommodations for the Citizenship Test

In some cases, applicants may be exempt from the English language or civics test or be eligible for accommodation. For example, if they have a “physical or developmental disability or mental impairment that has lasted, or is expected to last, 12 months or more.” 

Exemptions

If you qualify for an exception from the English portion of the citizenship test, you must bring an interpreter to your interview. Only certain people qualify as interpreters; you can read about those requirements here. 

To qualify for a Disability Exception, you must complete Form N-648, a Medical Certification for Disability Exceptions that you can download here. You can submit it with your completed N-400 form.  

Other exemptions include age and residency.

Accommodations

USCIS accommodates naturalization applicants with disabilities to ensure equal opportunity for success in the process.  

While USCIS is not required to make changes that fundamentally alter the naturalization process or create an undue burden, it strives to provide appropriate accommodation. 

Every request is decided on its own merits, and USCIS provides the requested accommodation or an accommodation that provides an equivalent benefit or value to the applicant’s requested accommodation.  

Accommodation can be requested when submitting the naturalization application or at any point during the process.

Required Documents for the U.S. Citizenship Interview

Adequate USCIS interview preparation is incredibly valuable, and this includes bringing several vital documents with you, including: 

  • Green Card

  • Proof of residence

  • Passport

  • State-issued ID

  • Your IRS tax transcripts (especially if you have traveled outside the United States for a period that lasted more than six months) 

If applicable, bring any other relevant documents supporting the information in your Form N-400, including criminal record documentation or proof of name change.

Next Steps After the Citizenship Interview

Your interview could have one of three outcomes: approval, denial, or further review.  

If your application is approved, your Oath of Allegiance ceremony—the final step in becoming a US citizen—will occur that same day or on another scheduled date. 

Application denial is also possible. You will receive a letter explaining why your citizenship application was denied and information about appealing the decision or reapplying in the future.  

Finally, you could also receive a request for further evidence (RFE). The USCIS asks for this when it needs more information to make a decision. 

Oath of Allegiance Ceremony

If your application is approved, you will be scheduled for the Oath of Allegiance ceremony. 

Here’s what to expect:

  • Notification: You will receive a notice with your ceremony's date, time, and location.

  • Preparation: Bring your appointment notice, Green Card, and other requested documents. You will also return your permanent resident card at the ceremony.

  • Ceremony: During the ceremony, you will take the Oath of Allegiance, pledging your loyalty to the United States. After taking the oath, you will receive your Certificate of Naturalization, which marks you becoming a US citizen.

Practical Tips for a Successful Citizenship Interview

Arriving on time for your citizenship interview is incredibly important, so applicants should plan to arrive at least 30 minutes before their appointment. This helps maintain a calm demeanor and demonstrates your respect for the process.  

Similarly, wearing professional clothes and being well-groomed will help you make a good first impression. Remember, the interview is your opportunity to show you are ready and willing to become a US citizen. 

Pay close attention to the officer’s questions in the interview and provide truthful and complete answers. Take a deep breath before answering each question to keep your mind clear and calm. 

If you don't understand a question, don't hesitate to ask for clarification to ensure you fully understand the process and requirements. 

We cannot stress the importance of bringing all necessary documents enough.  

This includes your Green Card, passport, requested forms or paperwork, and two recent passport-sized photos.  

Make sure these documents are organized and easily accessible for the officer.

Conclusion: Preparing for Your Path to U.S. Citizenship

The path to U.S. citizenship can feel overwhelming, and collecting numerous documents and answering interview questions can be daunting.  

However, it is still possible for many people, and the information in this article will help you become more prepared for the naturalization process.  

Becoming a U.S. citizen comes with benefits and opportunities, but it also comes with responsibilities. With adequate preparation for the civics and English tests and gathering all necessary documents, you are one step closer to becoming a U.S. citizen. 

However, more help is available; you do not need to go through the immigration process alone.  

UpCounsel provides access to the top fully vetted immigration lawyers who can help you with the application process, provide insight into the citizenship interview, and discuss other aspects of becoming a US citizen.  

Post a job on UpCounsel today to find a top immigration lawyer in your state. UpCounsel can connect you with a lawyer who will help you prepare for the citizenship interview and ensure everything goes smoothly.

Frequently Asked Questions

Below are some common questions applicants have about the U.S. immigration and naturalization process.

What is the hardest question on the citizenship test?

Some questions are more likely to be answered incorrectly on the U.S. citizenship test than others.

Here are a few examples: 

  • Who is one of your state’s U.S. Senators now?

  • Name one of the writers who wrote The Federalist Papers to support the passage of the U.S. Constitution. 

  • Who was President during the Great Depression and World War II?

What are the two tests you have to take at your naturalization interview?

Unless you are eligible for exceptions, you have to take an English language test and a civics test. 

What is the 50/20 rule for citizenship?

One possible exemption for the English language portion of the naturalization process is the 50/20 rule or the 50/20 exception.  

The USCIS explains: 

“You are exempt from the English language requirement but are still required to take the civics test if you are: 

Age 50 or older when filing for naturalization and have lived as a permanent resident (Green Card holder) in the United States for 20 years.”

Where does the interview take place?

Your paperwork will list the USCIS field office you must go to. The ZIP code you provided in the "Current Physical Address" section of your Form N-400 determines this. 

How long does an interview last?

The length of each interview varies. While there is no set time limit, interviews are usually 15-30 minutes long. Arrive at least 30 minutes before your scheduled interview time.